KRITIK HADIS-HADIS TENTANG GURAUAN RASULULLAH SAW. DALAM KITAB SYAMĀʼIL MUḤAMMADIYYAH KARYA AL-TIRMIŽĪ

Abstract

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kualitas hadis-hadis tentang gurauan Rasulullah saw. dalam Kitab Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah karya Imam al-TirmiŽī serta menelaah implikasinya terhadap kualitas hadis secara keseluruhan dalam kitab tersebut. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada analisis tiga hadis sampel yang merepresentasikan tema gurauan Nabi saw. untuk mengetahui status sanad, matan, dan pengaruhnya terhadap otoritas ilmiah kitab Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif-analitis melalui pendekatan kritik hadis yang mencakup kritik sanad dan matan. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dengan menelaah kitab hadis, karya takhrij, serta literatur ilmu rijal dan jarḥ wa taʿdīl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hadis-hadis gurauan dalam Kitab Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah memiliki kualitas beragam, namun seluruh hadis sampel tergolong hadis maqbūl (ṣaḥīḥ, ḥasan li-đzātih, dan ḥasan li-ghayrih). Sanadnya bersambung dan para perawinya secara umum terpercaya, meskipun sebagian diperselisihkan tingkat ketelitiannya. Dari sisi matan tidak ditemukan unsur syudzūž maupun ʿillah. Secara tematik, hadis-hadis tersebut menunjukkan gurauan Nabi saw. yang tetap berlandaskan kejujuran dan etika. Implikasi penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa variasi kualitas hadis dalam Kitab Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah tidak mengurangi otoritasnya karena tujuan penyusunannya bersifat deskriptif-edukatif, bukan normatif-hukum.

Kata Kunci: Kritik Hadis, Gurauan Rasulullah, Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah, Sanad, Matan

Abstract

This study aims to examine the quality of hadiths about the Prophet’s humor (gurauan) in the Kitab Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah by Imam al-Tirmiḏī and to analyze its implications for the overall quality of hadiths in the work. The research focuses on three sample hadiths representing the theme of the Prophet’s humor to determine the status of their isnads, texts (matan), and their influence on the scholarly authority of the Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah. This is a qualitative study using a descriptive-analytical method with a hadith criticism approach encompassing both isnad and matan criticism. Data were collected through library research examining hadith collections, takhrij works, and literature on rijal al-hadith and jarh wa ta02BFdil. The findings reveal that the humor hadiths in Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah vary in quality, yet all sample hadiths are classified as maqbul (acceptable): specifically ṣahih, hasan li-dhatihi, and hasan li-ghayrihi. The isnads are continuous and the narrators are generally trustworthy, though some are debated in terms of precision. No shudhūdh or ʿillah were found in the matan. Thematically, these hadiths demonstrate that the Prophet’s humor was always grounded in honesty and ethics. The research concludes that the variation in hadith quality in Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah does not diminish its authority, as the book’s purpose is descriptive-educational rather than normative-legal.

Keywords: Hadith Criticism, Prophet’s Humor, Syamāʼil Muḥammadiyyah, Isnad, Matan